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Top 50 pharmaceutical companies in pakistan 2019. These companies are renowned for their innovative .
- Top 50 pharmaceutical companies in pakistan 2019. It registered 5. 2 billion pharmaceutical market in 2019 anchors the medical sector of Pakistan because it continues to expand due to escalating patient requirements for high-quality pharmaceutical products. There are 750 firms in Pakistan, but the top 50 firms account for 89% of the market, and the top 100 firms capture 97% of the market. Jun 9, 2022 · The windfall from COVID-19 vaccines and treatments has shaken up Pharm Exec’s latest listing of the top global biopharma sales producers in record-breaking fashion, but a likely leveling off—along with challenging patent and global climates—should shift some of the spotlight to anticipated non-COVID risers and perhaps more definitive maneuvering ahead. This blog presents detailed insights into the top 10 pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan based on market share, products, innovation, and performance. Switzerland-based Roche (RHHBY) was the world's number one drug company. The significance of pharmaceutical companies and pharmacies cannot be denied in any era as these companies are producing all those medicines which have been making people treat all sorts of diseases. According to Sari, Bendesa, and Antara (2019) in order to survive it is necessary to keep employees dedicates and ready to make efforts for the growth and persistent performance of the company. 5 trillion by 2023 growing at a 3 to 6 percent compound annual growth rates over the next five years – a notable slowdown from the 6. At the time of the independence of Pakistan in 1947, there were few production units in the country. While Big Pharma, by and large, remains a picture of strength and stability, highlighted, in some cases, by exponential and unprecedented financial growth, for the companies making up the Pharma 50, it has not been business as usual. The United States leads with 22 companies in the top 50, followed by Japan with 9, Switzerland with 4, and Germany with 3. Amid the rush to develop and deliver effective vaccines and drugs for COVID, demands on companies were many. Pharmaceutical companies discover and produce a wide range of medicines, from over-the-counter drugs like pain relievers and cold remedies to complex prescription medications for The methodology for analyzing and ranking the world's top pharmaceutical manufacturing companies in 2023 involved a comprehensive and systematic approach. pdf), Text File (. Aug 14, 2019 · The Top 50 Drug Companies of 2019 was recently published by the Pharmaceutical Executive magazine. Some of the top pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan include GlaxoSmithKline Pakistan, Pfizer Pakistan, and Abbott Laboratories Pakistan Limited. Companies that research, develop, manufacture, and sell healthcare products with a strong base in pharmaceuticals are eligible to be included in this special report Revenues boomed for the top 20 companies in the biopharma industry in 2024. This mid-2025 update integrates the first half's (H1) financial results to provide readers with a clear snapshot of leading companies’ performance and trajectory. May 28, 2025 · These are list of top 15 pharma companies by revenue and market share for 2023 and 2024. 0 billion (CHF 48. Chiesi currently has revenues of 3 billion euros. It claimed the top position a year earlier. Pakistan’s pharmaceutical sector is steeped in potential, a powerhouse of innovation and quality production. May 3, 2021 · With US$ 50. Searle Pakistan Limited (private) bought a small manufacturing facility in S. Helping propel the latter’s rise was the formal absorption of assets stemming from its acquisition of Feb 5, 2025 · Explore the top 50 pharma companies in India, their contributions, and how they dominate the pharmaceutical industry in 2025. The top 100 pharmaceutical companies, from Getz Pharma to the last on the list, each play a pivotal role in shaping the nation’s health narrative. It does not include biotechnology companies that are now owned by, or form a part of, larger Pakistan’s pharmaceutical industry is valued at approximately USD 3 billion and consists of over 750 firms. Ahead (Measured by Aggregate Revenue of Oncology Drug Jun 9, 2021 · As part of our June Pharma 50 coverage, we profile such efforts from five organizations (Pfizer, Moderna, J&J, Regeneron, and Gilead), detailing their success stories in advancing COVID-driven science and innovation. These companies play a vital role in improving access to essential medicines and driving innovation in the sector. The prevalence of sub-standard drugs negatively impacts health and economic outcomes. With rising demand for healthcare services, an expanding population, and Jul 9, 2020 · Outside the top 10, noteworthy observations for the rest of the Pharma 50 field include Japan-based Astellas Pharma moving up four spots to 19th, the additions of four other Asian companies to our list (Meiji Holdings, Japan, 27th; Yunnan Baiyao Group, China, 37th; Shanghai Pharmaceuticals Holding, China, 48th; Aurobindo Pharma, India, 50th), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals’ climb from 38th to Merck & Co. Chiesi has 31 affiliates [3] in the world, nearly 6,500 total employees [4] and provides medicines to patients in 100 nations. Highlighting the top 50 pharma companies in Romania by value for the year ending December 2019. The Pharmaceuticals market in Pakistan is projected to grow by 3 72 2024 2028 resulting in a market volume of US 1 981 00m in 2028 Find detailed information on Feb 23, 2023 · Due to the large population number and geographical location pakistan has a big pharma market. With a market cap of over $578 billion, American pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly is the world’s most valuable, known for diabetes medications and its newly-launched weight-loss drug. Pakistan's pharmaceutical market is thriving. As we look ahead to 2025, the pharmaceutical industry is poised for transformation once again. p. Jun 20, 2025 · Welcome to the silver anniversary of Pharmaceutical Executive ’s Pharm Exec 50. Pakistan | Industry Players’ Mix There are approximately 650 companies operating in the Pakistani pharmaceutical market, out of which less than 31 are multinational companies. Pharmaceutical companies are geographically spread all over Pakistan. The pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan is growing rapidly and is contributing significantly to the country's economy. The average price of insulin in the U. [1] Pakistani pharmaceutical companies are engaged in importing raw materials Apr 10, 2025 · Discover the top pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan, their specialties, market presence, and how they lead the medicine industry locally and globally. It plays vital role in healthcare system by researching, developing, manufacturing and marketing drugs for use as medications. | By Sales Professionals Forum Jul 31, 2025 · Here’s a closer look at the top 10 pharmaceutical companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX), ranked by market capitalisation as of July 24, 2025: 1. Find additional information about some of the biggest Oct 15, 2019 · ZAFA Pharmaceutical Laboratories (Private) Limited was founded in 1973, it is renowned as one of the Top Pharmaceutical Companies In Pakistan. A. Under his leadership, Bio-Labs has achieved significant growth trajectory since 2005 and is today ranked as one of the TOP 50 pharmaceutical companies of Pakistan with exports to over 18 countries globally. After M&A, selloffs, cost cuts and therapeutic rejigs, the companies on this list may largely wear the same names, but none entered it looking exactly Oct 8, 2024 · Read about the top 12 pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan shaping the industry with innovative products and healthcare solutions May 26, 2023 · View full profil e List of Pharmaceutical Companies Businesses in Pakistan Complete directory of Pharmaceutical Companies business in Pakistan, find web directory of Pakistani Pharmaceutical Companies in any city of Pakistan, B2B information including contact details, address, phone number, email address, photos and owner details. Apr 23, 2021 · Today Pakistan has 759 pharmaceutical companies, of which 25 are multinationals accounting for a market share of 45 to 50 percent. He returned to Pakistan in 2005 to join the pharmaceutical corporate group, Bio-Labs. Getz Pharma takes the lead as the top company in terms of both revenue and market share. Pakistani pharmaceutical companies are known for producing high-quality generic drugs that are affordable for the local Jun 24, 2024 · Discover leading pharmaceutical companies and manufacturers in Pakistan exporting top-quality medicines and healthcare solutions. Jun 14, 2024 · It also includes each organization’s top-selling drugs and R&D investment totals. These companies have maintained their position at the top for a considerable period and continue to grow stronger. Thus, as identified by Shin and Grant (2019) and Gross, Thaler, and Winter (2019) it May 8, 2025 · Top 50 global pharmaceutical and biotech companies by R&D intensity in 2023 World's top 50 pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies based on R&D intensity in 2023 Apr 7, 2025 · Search our database and find Pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan based on your preferred criteria. For detailed figures, see the Top 10 Healthcare Companies by Revenue in 2025. 6 days ago · The top 10 pharmaceutical companies’ revenues are modest compared to those of the broader top 10 healthcare companies. Get accurate data with total number of pharmaceutical companies in the World in Excel. is an Italian family controlled [1][2] global pharmaceutical company based in Parma, Emilia-Romagna. Gain insights into the strategies propelling these companies forward and the future of pharmaceuticals in Pakistan. Though there are many pharma manufacturers, they largely source their active pharmaceutical ingredients and raw materials from other countries such as China, Germany. The pharmaceutical industry contributes approximately ~1% to the GDP of Pakistan annually. Name Of The Companies That Makes Covid-19 Vaccines Included May 9, 2024 · This map plots the headquarters locations of the world's 50 largest pharmaceutical companies by 2023 revenue. INTRODUCTION Pharmaceutical is a critical sector that impacts public health globally. There is a wide Jan 25, 2024 · Ranked: The Top 50 Pharmaceutical Giants Together, the 50 biggest drugmakers make up a combined $4. Mar 29, 2023 · There are as many as 620 manufacturing pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan. Here are the top ten companies that lead the pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan. Jul 5, 2020 · Pakistan pharmaceutical industry and market are among the world's top 3 fastest growing, according to IQVIA health market research firm based in the United States. In 1947 when Pakistan declares itself to be an independent state there are not a single pharma industry left in Pakistan. Their mission emphasizes innovation and a commitment to improving lives through tech-driven approaches. With $785. 5M in revenue and Macter International with $518M in revenue. 38 percent Annual ranking published by Pharmacutical Executive. Feb 1, 2023 · Pharmaceutical companies develop, manufacture, and market medications to assist people in managing their health and well-being. Nov 22, 2024 · How big is the pharmaceutical industry? Which country is the leading pharma market? Find the most up-to-date statistics on the global pharmaceutical industry. Pakistan has a rapidly growing pharmaceutical industry, with a number of top companies leading the way in providing essential medications to the population. 17 billion in FY2024 revenue. Drawing on continued Keytruda momentum, which continues its reign as the world’s best-selling drug with sales that rose 18% to $29. Multinationals MSD, Sanofi and Novartis top the list, but regional players such as Romanian firm Antibiotice, Slovenian Krka and Czech-headquartered Zentiva are also represented. Whether you want to get over-the-counter medications or life-saving drugs, you can rely on and go to these companies. T. Templates can be used for individual or expert tasks, such as resumes, invites, leaflets, newsletters, reports, discussions, and more. List of the largest pharma companies by market capitalization. Jul 13, 2023 · The top 50 Pharma companies in the world and how to identify a Pharma company that will be successful in the future. In all, Keytruda… Oct 1, 2025 · Detailed info and reviews on 29 top Healthcare companies and startups in Pakistan in 2025. We’ve compiled a list of Pakistan’s Top Pharma Companies for you in this blog post. List of Pharmaceutical Companies and representative ofices of global pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan The Brand Rankings, Top 50 Global Pharma Companies - 2019 by Pharmaceutical Executive Templates are pre-designed documents or files that can be used for various functions. Feb 14, 2025 · Top 50 pharmaceutical companies - Rx sales and R&D spending 2024 Leading 50 global pharmaceutical companies by prescription sales and R&D spending in 2024 (in billion U. . Top 50 Pharmaceutical Companies In Pakistan 2023 WEB Eco Solvent Printable Sticker Vinyl Description Soft PVC film available in transparent and white with a glossy or matt surface Release Paper Silicone coated paper on one side 135 g m 178 Adhesive Polyacrylate permanent transparent Area of use For brilliant and colourful advertising for short Top Pharmaceuticals companies in Pakistan - September, 2025 Listed below are the leading companies in Pakistan by revenue as of September 2025. Currently Pakistan has more than 800 large volume pharmaceutical formulation units, including those operated by 25 multinationals present in the country. 5 billion in 2024. The Top Global Pharma Companies ranking is based on sales in the previous year. S. [1] The industry is largely import-dependent, with more than 90% of raw material being imported and only 12% of active pharmaceutical ingredients locally produced. pk The below list of the top 10 biggest pharma companies in the world in 2024 is ranked by 2023revenue for pharmaceutical sales only. With a strong presence in both Pakistan and France, the company operates six cutting-edge manufacturing facilities, four in Pakistan and two in France, enable Martin Dow to produce a diverse range of top-notch pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products. Meanwhile, 650 firms compete for 3% of the market. Chronicling the various twists and turns and broader strategic industry Check out our roundup of 50 largest pharma companies and biotechs based on overall revenue figures pulled from annual reports. biotech’s fast emergers, and everyone in between, of the top 50 global biopharma manufacturers based on prescription drug sales. Pharmaceutical Pakistan PPT 2019 - Free download as PDF File (. Feb 14, 2019 · 4. It attempted to sensitize various semiotic modes in designing websites that represent Due to the large population number and geographical location pakistan has a big pharma market. Get key company details, track changes, and gain actionable insights to drive business growth or investment decisions. Only the top publicly traded pharma companies are shown in this list. 5 billion) in annual pharmaceutical sales, Swiss drugmaker Roche came in at number two position in 2019 as its sales grew 11 percent driven by its multiple sclerosis medicine Ocrevus, haemophilia drug Hemlibra and cancer medicines Tecentriq and Perjeta. Jan 30, 2020 · The revenues of the pharmaceutical division was CHF 48. Jan 21, 2025 · Explore the Top Pharma Companies with Outlook 2025 The top 100 rankings are collected as part of In Vivo’s Outlook 2025 report which includes industry rankings such as the Scrip 100, Generics Bulletin Top 50 and Scrip Asia 100. Jan 15, 2025 · Read The Top 50 Pharmaceutical Companies In India Before Buying Any Pharma Stocks. Sep 15, 2020 — If the pharma sector were a country, it would be ranked #15 in the world. Searle Company Ltd: Searle Pakistan Limited or SPL opened up in Pakistan on 5 th October 1965. The ranking includes the global “top 10 leading pharmaceutical companies If you are looking for top Pharmaceutical companies of Pakistan, here is a list of . The industry is one of the largest in the country and contributes significantly to the economy. List of biggest 50 pharmaceutical companies in the World. 8M in revenue, Muller & Phipps Pakistan (Private is ranked first on the list, followed by Standpharm Pakistan (pvt with $563. txt) or read online for free. Pfizer A guide to the leading pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan. Get the latest updates on their products, jobs, funding, investors, founders and more. 748 billion (US$2. Chiesi Farmaceutici S. Track market values, analyze biggest Pakistan corporations, and explore top companies ranked by current worth. Explore their innovations, products, and impact on the nation's health. Six drugmakers saw their sales rise by double-digit margins, led by Eli Lilly (32%) and Novo Nordisk (26%). Jun 24, 2021 · The latest annual list of the top 50 global biopharma sales producers, published by Pharmaceutical Executive, a Pharmaceutical Commerce sister publication, was recently unveiled. These companies are renowned for their innovative Top Pharmaceutical Companies In Pakistan In 2025 Pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan are responsible for producing and distributing various medicines and healthcare products. With rising pressure to develop drugs to meet ever increasing global demand, pharmaceutical companies continue to work tirelessly to bring the most innovative and cutting-edge treatments to patients. Initially, a thorough list of major global pharmaceutical manufacturers was compiled, covering a wide range of companies from various regions and market segments. The Complete List of Listed Companies or stocks on The Pakistan Stock Exchange in Karachi as of Jan 1, 2024 are shown below: Curexa pharmaceutical company in Pakistan specializes in the area of antibiotics, primarily cephalosporins and supplements with a mission of getting aligned with the needs of patients, healthcare agencies and the medical community at large. For the last 25 years, we have ranked and documented the risers and fallers, Big Pharma’s old guard vs. The pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan has grown during the past recent decades. 5 trillion. Corruption in the pharmaceutical sector has multiple detrimental Oct 10, 2024 · Top Pharma Companies 2024: Notes & Methodology General notes: For this 38th annual special report, Med Ad News editors rank the world’s top 50 companies that generate revenue from prescription medicines and healthcare products. It’s the perfect time to reflect on the year’s performance and take a closer look at the Top 20 pharmaceutical companies by market value. Find the top 10 firms driving innovation and healthcare advancements. 3 percent seen over the past five years. Learn more now! Sep 8, 2020 · The Pharm Exec magazine recently published its 20th annual ranking of the Global Top 50 Pharma companies for 2020. US-based Pfizer (PFE) is the world's top drug maker followed by Roche (RHHBY) and Novartis (NVS) of Switzerland. 34% CAGR. With over 700 licensed manufacturers, this sector plays a critical role in national healthcare, exports, and employment. [4] According to 2020 official data from the European Patent Office (EPO), Chiesi Group Dec 13, 2023 · Best Pharmaceutical Companies in Pakistan The Pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan is dominated by five major companies, namely Searle Pakistan (Pvt. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan | Industry | Quantum Index of Large Scale Manufacturing Industries (QIM) Dec 26, 2023 · The study aimed to investigate six Pakistani pharmaceutical companies' web pages through multimodal analysis. Top Ten Pharmaceutical Companies In Pakistan (2019) | Pakistan, company | Pakistan's pharmaceutical market is thriving. Everyone knows that there is nothing important than having good health and pharmaceutical companies are Jul 12, 2019 · Pharm Exec’s annual listing of the top global biopharma players reveals some interesting maneuvering of ranks, as companies focus on diversification, big-brand expansions, and positioning a new wave of products to compete in an advancing but complex future treatment market The top spot in our annual scorecard updating the 50-best drug sales producers in global biopharma-now in its 19th PharmEvo is recognized as one of the top 20 pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan, dedicated to developing and marketing high-quality healthcare solutions. E and started the production of Aldactone, Lomotil, Diodoquin, Ovulen, Neomycin Sulfate, Probanthine and Hydryllin. Roche and Novartis again manned the top two spots, but AbbVie jumped from eighth the previous year up to third. Top 10 Indian Pharmaceutical Companies 2019 - Top Pharma Company in . With a global List of largest biomedical companies by revenueThe following is a list of independent pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical companies listed on a stock exchange (as indicated) that have generated a revenue of at least US$ 10 billion, ranked by their revenue in the respective financial year. In FY25, Pakistan’s pharma exports grew by 34%, reaching $457 million, making it one of the fastest-growing export sectors. 7 trillion in market capitalization. Jan 12, 2025 · The pharmaceutical industry in 2024 has been incredibly dynamic, showcasing remarkable growth for some companies while presenting challenges for others. This edition of Visiongain’s long-running Top 50 series gives a strategic overview of the Wholesale Pharmaceutical Distribution landscape in 2021. Jul 25, 2025 · Pakistan’s pharmaceutical industry continues to show strong growth, fueled by rising healthcare demand, a booming population, and an increased focus on domestic medicine production. Pakistan's pharma sector is growing Aug 24, 2020 · The report forecasted that the global pharmaceutical market will exceed $1. Pharmaceutical production units in provinces tend to concentrate in major cities like Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar. Being a research-driven industry, approximately USD150 billion is spent by pharmaceutical companies every year on research and development projects. They can conserve effort and time by offering a ready-made format and layout for producing various type of material. May 3, 2025 · A USD 3. Pharmaceuticals are a major part of global health, helping to provide access to the medications and treatments needed to ensure the well-being of people all over the world. remains the “big dog” in the pharma industry in 2025, with roughly $64. The pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan was estimated to be worth Rs. The worldwide market size for pharmaceuticals in 2023 is estimated to reach $1. The top players in pharma know how to adapt. The Pharmaceutical Distributors in Pakistan industry serves as the critical connection that delivers medicines to hospitals, along with clinics and pharmacies at proper conditions throughout the Jul 8, 2025 · Dive into the top 20 pharmaceutical companies of 2024 by revenue, exploring their innovations, market strategies, and key products driving global healthcare. Source: VIS. In this manufacturing facility, they manufactured high-quality pharmaceutical products. dollars) Compare market caps of Pakistan's richest and largest companies. According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2019-20, the pace of contraction diminished in the pharmaceutical sector. Now according to the latest survey, there are 400 pharmaceutical manufacturing units that are working in Jul 5, 2020 · Pakistan pharmaceutical industry and market are among the world's top 3 fastest growing, according to IQVIA health market research firm based in the United States. Dec 11, 2019 · If you are looking for top Pharmaceutical companies of Pakistan, here is a list of top 10. The industries are dominated by local companies which account for 2/3rd of the market share whereas multinationals enjoy the remaining 1/3rd. However, the top 50 firms control 89% of the market, while the top 100 firms hold 97%, leaving the remaining 650 firms with just 3%. More than 500 pharmaceutical companies are running their operation in Pakistan. The Pharmaceutical industry contributes approximately 1% to the GDP of Pakistan annually. In this article we list out top 20 pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan. May 26, 2023 · Here in this article, we will provide you with a complete list of the Top 10 Pharmaceutical Companies in Pakistan with their complete address and contact number. The pharmaceutical industry remains robust amid evolving market dynamics, driven by innovation, strategic expansions, and shifting healthcare policies. Jun 15, 2022 · This graphic shows the top ten biopharma companies ranked by prescription drug sales and expenditure on research and development in 2021. ) Ltd, East West Pharma, IBL HealthCare, Highnoon Laboratories, and OBS Pakistan. The document discusses the pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan. is more than five times higher Sep 19, 2025 · Here are the top 10 pharmaceutical companies by market cap as of September 2025. 6 billion) in 2023, representing about 1% of the country's GDP. 1% compounded annually in the last 4 years, outperforming multinational companies (MNCs), which saw global growth of 9. Pakistan’s domestic pharmaceutical firms sales have grown 13. S. Pakistan's pharma sector is growing Aug 21, 2023 · Discover the leading pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan for 2025. These companies were ranked based on sales in 2019. 5. 03 bn) The company reported an increase in sales by 13% in the USA, Japan by 9% and international sales by 15% Jan 4, 2019 · Top 50 companies have above 90% market share, while the other 650 companies are competing for less than 10% market. Explore the top 10 pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan 2025, including GSK, Getz Pharma, and Searle, with full rankings and insights. I. In numbers, they are competing for 25-30 billion rupees market. From market giants to emerging innovators, explore the factors driving their success, industry trends, and their impact on healthcare. The list includes 6 listed companies in PSX (ABOT, GLAXO, SEARL, HALEON, HINOON, AGP ) showing the future growth prospects of these companies. A pharmaceutical company is a company that is involved in the research, development or distribution of drugs and medication. Jun 24, 2025 · Discover the top 10 pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan known for quality medicine, innovation, and trusted healthcare solutions. 5 bn (50. As investor interest in healthcare stocks grows, here’s a look at the […] Dec 13, 2023 · Delve into Pakistan's pharmaceutical scene with our article on the top 10 industry leaders. Jul 25, 2025 · Pakistan’s pharmaceutical sector stands as one of the steadily growing industries within the country’s economy. Pakistan is home to a thriving pharmaceutical industry, with numerous companies manufacturing a wide range of medications to meet the healthcare needs of the country. Mar 15, 2024 · Martin Dow, a prominent pharmaceutical company, has established itself as a leading multinational healthcare group in Pakistan. The rankings are based on the companies' sales revenues in 2018. com. Pakistan’s pharmaceutical industry is one of the fastest-growing sectors, valued at over PKR 1 trillion as of 2025. Sep 25, 2019 · Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated is the twelfth-biggest pharmaceutical company in the United States for 2019 by market capitalization as a determinant of size. China, France, Belgium, Denmark, Australia, Israel, Spain, and Italy are also represented. Jun 29, 2023 · In this mixed methods study, we first thematically analysed semi-structured interviews with 28 purposively selected for-profit primary-care physicians and 13 medical sales representatives from pharmaceutical companies working across Pakistan’s largest city, Karachi. Jul 11, 2020 · When looking at Pakistan’s pharma sector, Dawani and Sayeed found it odd how skewed the structure was. Find highest valued Pakistan businesses with real-time market capitalization data. The pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan is a very demanding market that is always subject to competitive pressures. r5 aw7qgrjb ddv6h fn6v8 5bx4 zxeop fmerrg1rm iaony hp5kkz ypoq